From local chemistry to galactic evolution: unlocking the power of interstellar isotopes with ALMA2040

Abstract: Molecular isotopic ratios provide a unique window into the chemical evolution of the interstellar medium, linking stellar nucleosynthesis and Galactic chemical evolution to the physical and chemical processes shaping molecular clouds, star-forming regions, and planetary systems. However, molecular isotopic ratios do not necessarily trace the underlying elemental composition, as chemical isotopic fractionation, isotope-selective photodissociation, grain chemistry, and radiative-transfer effects can significantly alter the observed values. Disentangling these effects requires simultaneous observations of multiple transitions, isotope systems and molecular families, including rare, doubly, and multiply substituted isotopologues involving D, $<sup>{13}$C, $<sup>{15}$N, $<sup>{17,18}$O, $<sup>{29,30}$Si, and $<sup>{33,34,36}$S (e.g., $<sup>{13}$C$<sup>{15}$N, $<sup>{13}$C$<sup>{34}$S, and $<sup>{13}$C$<sup>{18}$O). ALMA2040, with an order-of-magnitude improvement in sensitivity and at least 512 GHz of instantaneous bandwidth, will make these species accessible across statistically significant samples of Galactic and nearby extragalactic sources. By enabling systematic isotopic inventories from molecular clouds and prestellar cores to protoplanetary systems, across the Milky Way and in external galaxies, ALMA2040 will establish molecular isotopes as quantitative probes of chemical inheritance, stellar nucleosynthesis, and galaxy evolution, disentangling local chemical processing from the large-scale evolution of matter from stars to new planetary systems.