PPVM: A Circuit Simulation Framework for Digital Twins of Quantum Processors

Abstract: Quantum computers are approaching the early fault-tolerant regime. Verifying the next generation of quantum hardware requires joint emulation of the quantum processor, hardware noise, and classical control and decoding logic. We introduce the Programmable Pauli Virtual Machine (PPVM), an open-source framework for digital twins of quantum processors. PPVM unifies Pauli propagation and generalized tableau simulation under a common abstraction within a single virtual machine. Its bytecode supports arbitrary classical control flow, with measurement-conditioned feed-forward available in the generalized tableau backend. For neutral-atom hardware, we derive independent and correlated atom-loss channels and integrate them into both backends. We demonstrate loss-aware magic state distillation on over a thousand physical qubits and integration with classical decoding through Bloqade QEC Studio.