Personalized Federated Direct Preference Optimization via LoRA Adapters

Abstract: Federated Direct Preference Optimization (FedDPO) enables privacy-preserving alignment of LLMs across distributed agents without centralizing sensitive preference data. However, existing FedDPO analysis assumes all clients converge to a single shared policy, which is fundamentally at odds with the heterogeneous preference distributions present in practice. We propose Personalized FedDPO (pFedDPO), in which each client maintains a small private LoRA adapter atop a shared global base model. In pFedDPO, the base model is synchronized via FedAvg each round, while LoRA adapters remain local and capture client-specific preference patterns. We prove that this decomposition replaces the gradient diversity $κ<sup>2$ in the FedDPO bound with a residual heterogeneity $κ<sup>2_{\mathrm{eff}}$, which is no larger than $κ<sup>2$ when adapters absorb client-specific directions, at the cost of an additive adapter-bias term that vanishes as adapters converge. Experiments on preference datasets show that pFedDPO consistently attains a lower gradient norm than vanilla FedDPO while remaining competitive in training loss and per-client reward accuracy.