A Pairwise Surrogate for Gravitational-Wave Spectra from Highly Relativistic Vacuum Bubble Collisions

Abstract: Gravitational waves from vacuum first-order phase transitions probe the nonlinear dynamics of relativistic bubble collisions. Predicting their spectrum requires resolving Lorentz-contracted scalar bubble walls throughout a volume containing many bubbles, making the large-boost regime prohibitively expensive for direct lattice simulations. We develop a simulation-based pairwise surrogate that separates the microscopic collision dynamics from the geometry of the multi-bubble transition. This utilizes symmetry-reduced $(1+1)$-dimensional scalar-field simulations to build a library of two-bubble gravitational-wave spectra, including the nonlinear post-collision evolution. These spectra are combined with geometric weights that account for screening by other bubbles. We test the two-bubble spectra and the reconstructed spectra of three- and many-bubble systems against full $(3+1)$-dimensional lattice simulations. Not only can the surrogate be orders of magnitude cheaper computationally, but it also provides access to highly relativistic collisions beyond the practical reach of direct many-bubble simulations. This provides a route to studying how the spectral amplitude and shape depend on the collision boost and scalar potential.