Battery Second Life : A Review of Experimental Studies

Abstract: As electric vehicle volume increase, the interest for reusing their retired batteries grow. Giving a second life to batteries reduce their environmental impact and provide access to more affordable energy storage systems. This lifespan extension is of interest in a wide range of fields as the reuse offer a solution for end-of-life batteries management and the development of renewable energies. Although several review articles have described opportunities and barriers related to reuse, to our knowledge none have synthesized insights from studies that conducted experiments on retired batteries. This article aims to address this gap by providing a detailed analysis of more than 150 articles. This article's main findings are the proposition of a new vocabulary for batteries end-of-life, an evaluation of state of health and dispersion in retired batteries as well as the synthesis of aging and safety studies on these batteries. In a nutshell, this review show that the performance of retired batteries can be high, their dispersion should be managed and their degradation can be slow and safe. Limitations of current battery research ideas for future experiments and ideas for future studies are also presented.