Net drag reduction in turbulent pipe flow by airfoil-section grids concentrated near the wall

Abstract: The frictional drag of turbulent pipe flow is responsible for enormous energy consumption in water and natural gas distribution systems. Flow straighteners can reduce this drag by suppressing turbulence, but they generally induce a pressure loss that exceeds the reduction; similarly, large-eddy breakup devices installed in pipes have not achieved a net drag reduction. In this study, a grid of NACA0006 airfoils was adopted as a flow straightener to suppress the pressure loss, and its net drag reduction was evaluated by numerical simulations using the $k$-$ω$ shear stress transport model of the axisymmetric Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with periodic boundary conditions. The model was validated against fully developed turbulent pipe flow and a previous experiment on a large-eddy breakup device in a pipe. Under a pressure difference corresponding to a Reynolds number ($\mathit{Re}$) of approximately $10^5$, a grid pattern of concentric rings concentrated near the wall at an axial spacing of 0.5 m increased the flow rate by up to 9.0%, and the flow rate increase remained positive for $$5 \times 10^{4} \leq \mathit{Re} \leq 2 \times 10<sup>{5}$$. The grid pattern reduced the area-integrated Reynolds shear stress by 29% and brought the velocity profile closer to a laminar one. The effectiveness of the near-wall placement is consistent with the Fukagata-Iwamoto-Kasagi identity, which weights the Reynolds shear stress more heavily closer to the wall.