Formation of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds from Vacuum-Dependent Thermal Dark Matter

Abstract: The origin of supermassive black holes, especially those already present at high redshift, remains an open problem. We propose that their seeds are primordial black holes formed from rare overdense regions of conventional thermal DM. A spectator scalar with two degenerate vacua gives the DM different masses, and hence different freeze-out abundances, in the two vacua. Inflationary fluctuations populate the vacuum containing the heavier relic only in exponentially rare patches. As the Universe cools, the density contrast of these patches grows sufficiently large for the patches to collapse into PBHs after horizon re-entry. We derive the resulting PBH mass function and show that it is sharply concentrated near a lower cutoff while reproducing the mass scale and abundance required for SMBH seeds. Since the overdensities originate from a rare, non-Gaussian population rather than from an enhancement of nearly Gaussian primordial curvature perturbations, the usual CMB spectral-distortion constraint does not directly apply. The construction also correlates the seed population with the dark-sector spectrum and the inflation scale, providing complementary avenues for testing the scenario.