Sequential Capacity of Quantum Processes with Finite Memory

Abstract: How complex can the responses of a quantum device become as it runs longer with a fixed internal memory? We quantify this complexity through sequential response capacity: how many adaptive testing stages, each using a fresh run, can continue to separate possible processes by a prescribed gap in response probabilities. For fixed system and memory sizes, we establish a tight law relating this capacity to run length and probability resolution. At fixed resolution, the capacity grows on the order of $K\log K$, where $K$ is the number of time steps in each run. Our construction attains this growth using time-dependent phase rotations on a single visible qubit with no additional internal memory; its tests give response probabilities exactly zero or one. Under the same tests, classical stochastic processes that measure in a fixed basis at every step have only linear capacity at fixed sizes and resolution. For phase sequences selected by a stored classical label, we then quantify how known independent Pauli noise changes this logarithmic enhancement. With ideal controls and weak residual phase noise after correction, we prove matching capacity bounds at a fixed small probability gap. These bounds identify the inverse residual phase-flip probability as the coherence timescale that limits the extra logarithmic growth.