Spurious sources in high-resolution VLA surveys

Abstract: Blind extragalactic radio continuum surveys are increasingly conducted at sub-arcsecond angular resolutions. However, these surveys contain substantially more spurious sources than expected from purely Gaussian noise statistics. We investigate the origin of these false detections using the 10GHz GOODS-N mosaic obtained with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA), which reaches a native angular resolution of 0.22arcsec and exhibits a nearly Gaussian pixel-noise distribution. We show that part of the increase in the spurious-source fraction at high angular resolution arises naturally from the larger number of independent resolution elements, while residual wide-field imaging effects associated with the primary-beam response make only a modest contribution. Nevertheless, even after accounting for these effects, the observed fraction of false detections remains several times higher than predicted for Gaussian noise. An analysis of the noise autocorrelation function reveals that images with relatively sparse uv coverage retain significant dirty-beam sidelobes that introduce correlated noise fluctuations, substantially increasing the probability of false detections. We conclude that the excess of spurious sources is an intrinsic consequence of incomplete uv sampling rather than the imaging methodology itself, highlighting that future deep radio continuum surveys require not only high angular resolution but also sufficiently dense uv coverage to minimize spurious detections.