Gravitational D-form factors of the nucleon and pion with mixing between two-quark and four-quark states

Abstract: We investigate the gravitational $D$-form factors of the nucleon and pion within an extended linear sigma model (eLSM) that incorporates both two-quark and four-quark states, as well as nucleon fields. Within the scalar-meson-dominance picture, we find that meson mixing between two-quark and four-quark states suppresses the nucleon $D$-form factor and leads to agreement with the lattice-QCD results. Interestingly, a quantitatively similar suppression was previously found in the parity doublet model (PDM) as a consequence of a nonzero chiral invariant component of the nucleon mass. This suggests that the effects of meson mixing and the chiral invariant mass are difficult to distinguish from the nucleon $D$-form factor alone. We therefore examine the pion $D$-form factor in the chiral limit. While its value in the forward limit remains fixed at $-1$ in both the eLSM and the PDM, meson mixing modifies its momentum-transfer dependence. In contrast, the chiral invariant mass does not directly affect the pion $D$-form factor. These results suggest that a combined analysis of the nucleon and pion $D$-form factors can provide further insight into the mass decomposition of the nucleon and the quark composition of mesons.