The Optical Expansion Scalar in Cosmological Perturbation Theory

Abstract: Within the geometric optics approximation, the optical expansion scalar describes the local rate of change in the amplitude of a wave or the area of a light bundle propagating through the Universe. As such, it is fundamental for describing almost all the observations we make in cosmology. It was recently pointed out that this quantity can, in principle, be reconstructed from measurements of the angular diameter distance $D_A$ and the effective observed expansion rate $\mathfrak{H}$. Motivated by this possibility, we introduce the observable $\vartheta \equiv θ/ω_o$, where $θ$ is Sachs' optical expansion scalar, and $ω_o$ the observed photon frequency. We then derive the linear perturbative expression and angular power spectrum for $\vartheta$ in a flat FLRW universe with scalar perturbations. Comparing the power spectra with those of the fluctuations in $D_A$ and with power spectra from relativistic N-body simulations reveals no immediate striking advantage of studying the fluctuations of $\vartheta$ to those of $D_A$. However, the anisotropies of $\vartheta$ do exhibit several unique qualities such as an enhanced sensitivity to the peculiar velocity and relativistic potentials. We suggest that our results may hint at $\vartheta$ being useful for developing consistency tests of cosmological observations and possibly probing departures from FLRW cosmology and modified gravity theories. The formalism developed and presented here provides the foundation for future studies into these possibilities.