The Type-II Error of Test Supermartingales: e-Power versus the Chernoff-Stein Exponent

Abstract: In safe hypothesis testing with test supermartingales, Ville's inequality provides anytime-valid type-I error guarantees for every significance level $α\in(0,1]$, if one rejects the null hypothesis whenever the wealth process first exceeds $1/α$. Due to an inherent asymmetry, the type-II error behaves differently. We prove two things about the latter, for a simple null and alternative. First, the mean growth rate $\mathbb{E}<em>{P_1}[\log E]$, the e-power, that Kelly betting and growth-rate-optimal e-variables maximise, bounds nothing on its own. For every level $c&gt;0$, every $α$ and horizon $t$ we construct e-variables of conditional e-power exactly $c$ whose probability of not rejecting by $t$ is arbitrarily close to one. It forces eventual rejection, but no finite-horizon guarantee follows. Second, the quantity that does control the type-II error is the Chernoff-Stein exponent of an e-variable, $$Λ(E)=\sup</em>{s\ge0}{-\log \mathbb{E}<em>{P_1}[E<sup>{-s}]}$$, whose range is exactly determined: $\sup_E Λ(E)=\mathrm{KL}(P_0|P_1)$, the classical Chernoff-Stein exponent, and so the ceiling of its own per-e-variable form. One conditional application of Hoelder's inequality per step gives it, for every test supermartingale on an arbitrary filtered space, with no independence or product structure; the i.i.d. case adds that it is matched, and attained by nothing. The e-power has its own ceiling, $\mathrm{KL}(P_1|P_0)$, and that one is attained, $P_0$-a.s. uniquely, by the likelihood ratio $R$. The two optima are the same divergence in opposite arguments, at opposite ends of the flattened family $R^{β/\mathbb{E}}</em>{P_0}[R<sup>β]$: the ceiling as $β\downarrow0$, $R$ at $β=1$. Which $β$ is best is settled by the horizon, exactly: $R$ is optimal at $t=\log(1/α)/\mathrm{KL}(P_1|P_0)$ alone, beaten by sharpening $(β&gt;1)$ below it and by flattening above.