Competing routes to spontaneous flow in confined active nematics

Abstract: Active nematics can spontaneously develop flow beyond a critical activity in confined geometries. We show analytically that the onset of flow is governed by two competing instabilities: a long-wavelength mode leading to unidirectional flow and a finite-wavelength instability producing transverse rolls. A reduced description reveals how activity, flow alignment, and nematic elasticity control the competition between these modes. We identify regimes in which the finite-wavelength instability has a lower critical activity than the long-wavelength instability, causing vortices to emerge before unidirectional flow. This establishes wavelength selection as an intrinsic feature of the onset of spontaneous flow in active nematics.