Gravitational energy released when Earth quakes: Heat supply for island-arc volcanism

Abstract: We address a long-standing paradox in plate tectonics concerning the thermodynamics of its very origin: What supplies the thermal energy for the intense island-arc volcanism at the subduction zones, the supposedly cool end of the mantle convection? We surmise a first-principle physics model tracking the gravitational energy (Eg)-heat conversion within the mantle convection. The scenario points to a great amount of Eg release of ~10 TW induced by the thrust-faulting earthquakes that occur predominantly in the upper mantle at the subduction zones. Generally ~1000 times greater than the seismic energy release or nearly a quarter of the total terrestrial heat flow, this Eg release, upon conversion into heat in the irreversible convection process, supplies amply for the island-arc volcanism. Meanwhile similar but opposite and less vigorous Eg gains at ~2 TW occur at the diverging plate boundaries via the normal-faulting earthquakes. This model resolves the said paradox, and more importantly provides a new paradigm pointing to an active role of seismicity in the plate tectonic energetics and evolution of the convecting mantle.