Testing a Pre-Supernova Contribution to $^{44}$Ti in Cassiopeia A

Abstract: The radioactive isotope $<sup>{44}$Ti in Cassiopeia A has been used as a tracer of the innermost ejecta and explosion asymmetries in core-collapse supernova explosions. However, recent stellar-evolution models suggest substantial $<sup>{44}$Ti may also be synthesized prior to explosion during oxygen-carbon (O-C) shell mergers, a process proposed for the Cas A progenitor. We investigate this pre-supernova contribution by combining NuSTAR measurements of the spatial and kinematic distribution of $<sup>{44}$Ti with X-ray and infrared ejecta diagnostics. The low- and intermediate-velocity $<sup>{44}$Ti components are more closely associated with O-layer tracers than with shocked Fe-rich material. If the $<sup>{44}$Ti associated with the O-layer tracers was synthesized prior to core collapse, it could contribute up to $\sim7\times10<sup>{-5}~M_\odot$, about half of the total. We find that this amount of $<sup>{44}$Ti can be produced in O-C shell-merger models with ingestion rates and convective velocities higher than those in standard one-dimensional stellar-evolution calculations. Stable Fe-group abundance ratios measured with XRISM provide an additional constraint on the explosive contribution, as three-dimensional models with larger $<sup>{44}$Ti yields tend to predict Ti/Fe and Mn/Cr ratios above the observed values. These results suggest that both pre-supernova shell-merger nucleosynthesis and explosive burning contribute to the observed $<sup>{44}$Ti.