Learning Sparse Quantum States

Abstract: We study the problem of tomography for $k$-sparse quantum states. In contrast to classical distribution learning, where tight sample and time complexity bounds in terms of support size are well understood, no non-trivial bounds were previously shown for this problem. We give the first near optimal algorithm for learning $n$-qubit $k$-sparse pure quantum states, obtaining fidelity at least $1-\varepsilon$ with high probability using $\tilde{O}(k/\varepsilon)$ copies of the state and $\tilde{O}(kn/\varepsilon)$ time. Both bounds are optimal up to polylogarithmic factors. As an implication, we also obtain an algorithm with near optimal $\tilde{O}(kr/\varepsilon)$ sample complexity for learning $k$-sparse rank-$r$ mixed states, via the random purification channel technique. Obtaining time complexity nearly matching the sample complexity, for $r>1$, remains an important open question.