The properties of central stellar knots embedded in galactic bulges of CIELO simulations

Abstract: Deeply bound stellar substructures of about 1 kpc at the center of bulges are found in a subset of galaxies from the cosmological chemo-hydrodynamical zoom-in CIELO simulation suite. They were identified as stellar overdensities at the lowest binding energies in each galaxy's circularity-energy $(ε, E)$ plane. We refer to these overdensities as stellar knots. We aim to characterize their properties in the context of bulge assembly using CIELO simulated galaxies spanning a wide range of stellar masses ($10<sup>{8.0}$-$10<sup>{10.7}\,\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$), with diverse formation histories. We inspect 54 galactic bulges. Within them, we isolate stellar knot candidates in $(ε, E)$ space, and identify 28 robust knots satisfying successive selection criteria: kinematic, concentration, and morphology. We characterize their chemical enrichment, formation timescales, formation sites, progenitor gas origin, and spatial distributions. Across all galaxy masses, knots are systematically alpha-element enhanced, having assembled the bulk of their stellar mass at earlier epochs and on shorter timescales than other bulge populations, with a median of $\sim$2$\,$Gyr versus $\sim$5$\,$Gyr. Regarding their origin, knots are predominantly in-situ ($5\%$ accreted mass fraction, roughly half that of the rest of the bulge), with negligible disk-born stars contribution and the largest gas fractions originating from a primordial central spheroid ($21\%$ versus 16--17$\%$ for the surrounding populations), consistent with being the primary gas fuel for the alpha-element enhancement. In terms of structure, knots exhibit a variety of morphologies, with spheroidal shapes predominating. Dynamical selection in $(ε, E)$ space of CIELO galaxies demonstrates its effectiveness in recovering coeval stellar populations, pointing to stellar knots as plausible fossil signatures of early in-situ bulge assembly.