Towards Federated, Green, and Resilient 6G Non-Terrestrial Networks

Abstract: This study focuses on future Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) integrated with Terrestrial Networks (TN) for future 5G/6G systems. NTN envisions a 3D architecture, where Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks will play a key role in bridging the digital divide, complementing the gradual terrestrial 5G/6G rollout concentrated in high-density and high-traffic areas, by ensuring service continuity across broad geographic regions and providing coverage in case of emergencies or in remote areas. In this context, we address networking issues for the integration and federation of Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Network (T-NTN) in line with the IMT-2030 vision, focusing on interoperability, spectrum coexistence, unified control and management, and service continuity. Federation is a complementary approach to integration that enables distinct satellite systems to cooperate through agreements, potentially unified satellite terminals, and common resource management. We show that system federation significantly enhances both latency performance and connectivity robustness compared with non-federated LEO architectures. This paper also investigates the challenges and possible solutions for adopting the Open-RAN architecture for T-NTN, including routing options for mega-LEO systems, edge intelligence, and energy efficiency as critical elements for sustainability. Finally, we address the security, privacy, and resilience aspects of federated T-NTN architectures with emphasis on zero-trust, secure routing, trustworthy edge intelligence, Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC), and Quantum Key Distribution (QKD).