Retrieving Ocean Glint Reflectance Signatures from Directly Imaged Earth-like Exoplanets

Abstract: Future space telescopes searching for extraterrestrial life require methods to detect environments that can potentially support life. Liquid water is considered essential for life as we know it and its presence is therefore an important observable when characterizing potentially Earth-like exoplanets. Remotely inferring the presence of surface liquid water on a world from spatially unresolved observations is an outstanding challenge where the detection of ocean glint could provide supporting evidence. This study assesses the feasibility of detecting ocean glint from Earth-like exoplanets using simulated data from NASA's Habitable World Observatory (HWO). We conducted retrievals on these simulated observations using a model that included a glint contribution and performed model selection against retrievals that did not include glint. We find that over a range of spectral signal-to-noise ratios from 5 to 25, a phase angle of at least 120 deg is necessary for glint detection. Our results offer the opportunity to shape mission development by providing constraints on key telescope observing requirements.