Euclid preparation. The shape of halo profiles in $Λ$CDM and non-standard cosmologies

Abstract: We study the shape of three-dimensional and projected dark-matter halo profiles extracted from cosmological $N$-body simulations in $Λ$CDM and non-standard cosmologies, using the \texttt{DUSTGRAIN-PF} and \texttt{DEMNUni} suites. The models considered include massive neutrinos, $f(\mathcal{R})$ gravity, and dynamical dark energy. By comparing density, mass, velocity-dispersion, and excess-surface-density profiles up to $5\,r_{500{\rm c}}$, we quantify the differential imprint of non-standard physics on halo structure in view of \textit{Euclid} cluster WL studies. Our main analysis is performed at $z=1.1$, a high-redshift regime where the weak-lensing signal-to-noise starts to degrade, providing a conservative stress test for detectability; for \texttt{DUSTGRAIN-PF} we additionally analyse $z=0.5$ and $z=0.3$ snapshots. In low-mass haloes ($M_{\rm 200c}&lt;7\times10<sup>{13}\,M_\odot$), $f(\mathcal{R})$ gravity produces deviations of order $10\,\%$ in projected and three-dimensional profiles, especially in the outskirts where screening is less efficient. Massive neutrinos partially reduce this signal, reflecting the competition between free streaming and fifth-force-enhanced growth. Dynamical dark energy and massive-neutrino cosmologies generally induce smaller, few-percent deviations, with the largest effects again found in low-mass haloes and at large radii. Under simplified assumptions for \Euclid WL, detecting such profile differences at $z=1.1$ requires stacks of $\sim10<sup>5$ haloes, while a few thousands haloes may be sufficient at $z\lesssim0.5$. This further calls for the need of integrating such precise modelling of non-standard effects -- along with other observational effects -- in any likelihood involving \textit{Euclid} WL masses to avoid non-negligible systematic biases. Concentration--mass relations show weaker cosmology dependence, typically at the $\sim5\,\%$ level. [...]