High-Rank Encoding Can Improve Approximate Quantum Error Correction

Abstract: Conventional quantum-code constructions encode pure logical states as pure code states, but this restriction can sacrifice performance. We show that intrinsic encoding randomness can improve optimal entanglement fidelity. We bound the loss from imposing a rank-one encoder and prove it is at most quadratic near perfect recovery after joint optimization. The optimized advantage survives small noise perturbations. An explicit noise family requires higher-rank encoders arbitrarily close to perfect recovery, with every optimal encoder mapping pure inputs to mixed code states.