Optimal Hardy Inequalities for Random Walks on $\mathbb{Z}^2$

Abstract: We prove an optimal Hardy inequality for every aperiodic, symmetric random walk in $\mathbb{Z}<sup>2$ with finite variance. In particular, we verify null-criticality, and thus, optimality of the underlying Hardy weight. Under suitable moment conditions, we use fine asymptotics of the potential kernel due to Fukai and Uchiyama in order to derive the asymptotics of the weight. For the standard Laplacian, we recover the expected first order term in the asymptotics but also show that next order term is negative. Thus, our result shows that the constant in the Hardy inequality proven by Kapitanski and Laptev cannot be larger than $1/4$, which is the optimal constant in the continuum. The proof of null-criticality rests on a new criterion for general graphs beyond the locally finite case. We also recover the situation of $\mathbb{Z}<sup>d$ with $d \geq 3$ which can also be also treated by our new method.