Spontaneous currents determine capillary rise in active matter

Abstract: The capillary rise of simple passive fluids in a tube is controlled by the force balance between surface tension and gravity --Jurin's law of capillary action. For fluids composed of active particles interacting via pairwise forces, mechanical surface tension is negative, but a capillary rise was nevertheless reported and remains unexplained. We establish the active form of Jurin's law from the microscopic dynamics. It includes a drag emerging from particle currents that we find responsible for capillary rise. These active currents, alongside negative surface tension, lead to complex and counterintuitive capillary action phenomena that are impossible in equilibrium. In particular the capillary rise of active fluids depends on the shape of the tube, not solely on the tube diameter.