An axion constraint from the diffuse supernova neutrino background indicated by Super-Kamiokande

Abstract: Recently, the Super-Kamiokande Collaboration reported an indication of the diffuse supernova neutrino background (DSNB) with a statistical significance of $2.6σ$. Motivated by this possible discovery, we investigate the impact of axion cooling on the DSNB flux on the basis of long-term neutrino-radiation hydrodynamic simulations. We compare the observed flux and our models and obtain a $1σ$ upper limit $|g_{ap}|&lt;1.3\times10<sup>{-9}$ on the axion-proton coupling constant, which is comparable to the conventional limit based on the SN 1987A neutrino burst. In contrast to the SN 1987A bound, the DSNB constraint does not rely on the properties of a single observed supernova, because the DSNB represents the cumulative neutrino emission from a cosmic population of core-collapse events. More generally, this approach can be applied to other feebly interacting particles that modify protoneutron-star cooling.