Structure of large $t$-intersecting families I: Stability for the Hilton--Milner--Frankl theorem

Abstract: We study the structure of large $t$-intersecting families. A family of $k$-subsets of an $n$-set is $t$-intersecting if every two of its members intersect in at least $t$ elements. A $t$-intersecting family is non-trivial if no $t$-subset is contained in all its members. We prove several stability results for the seminal Hilton--Milner--Frankl theorem. First, for any fixed $η,\varepsilon,θ\in(0,1)$, we prove that if $k/t\geq1+η$ and $n=Ω(tk<sup>{1+\varepsilon})$, then every non-trivial $t$-intersecting family of size greater than $(1+θ)|\mathcal{K}|$ is a subfamily of one of the two extremal families in the theorem, where $\mathcal{K}$ is an explicit large non-trivial $t$-intersecting family. The key ingredient in the proof is a removal lemma. We also obtain a classification of all $t$-intersecting families with size bounded below by $|\mathcal{K}|$ minus an explicit lower-order term, provided that $k\geq t+4\geq6$ and $n\geq t+6\cdot\max{(t+2)^2, k(k-t)}$. This strengthens results of Cao--Lv--Wang (2021) and Frankl (2025) for a broad range of $k$ and $t$ (for example, when $k-t\geq2\sqrt{t}$). As an application of this classification, we determine the largest $t$-intersecting families for each prescribed lower bound on $t$-diversity not exceeding $t(n-k)$, thereby obtaining $t$-intersection versions of results of Han and Kohayakawa (2017) and Kupavskii (2025). To establish these results, we develop techniques based on the spread approximation method and the $t$-cover method, which may be useful for other intersection problems.