Interpretation-Oriented Cloud Removal via Observation-Anchored Residual Flow with Geo-Contextual Alignment

Abstract: Cloud removal (CR) is essential for optical remote sensing, serving as a prerequisite for reliable downstream interpretation, such as semantic segmentation and change detection. However, existing CR approaches often prioritize visual realism while overlooking their impact on subsequent analytical tasks, leading to semantic drift and degraded downstream performance. To address this issue, we propose Geo-Anchored Cloud Removal (GACR), a unified framework that jointly ensures faithful reconstruction and robust interpretability. At its core, GACR incorporates Observation-Anchored Residual Flow (OAR-Flow), which reformulates CR as a physically grounded residual inversion process. By anchoring the generative trajectory to the cloudy observation rather than pure noise, OAR-Flow enables fast, stable, and faithful reconstruction. To further preserve semantic structures critical for downstream interpretation, GACR integrates Geo-Contextual Prior Alignment (GCPA) to constrain the reconstruction within a semantic manifold induced by a Vision Foundation Model (VFM). Consequently, GACR strictly maintains the spatial-semantic integrity of complex landscapes. Extensive experiments across six CR datasets and twelve downstream tasks demonstrate that GACR produces superior reconstruction quality while consistently improving downstream task accuracy. The code is available at https://github.com/wzy6055/GACR.