As Cold as a Black Hole: Extended Photon Spheres

Abstract: It is widely believed that self-gravitating radiation cannot reach thermal equilibrium with a black hole in asymptotically flat spacetime. The following observation is used to describe an exception to this rule. The photon sphere controls central aspects of the Israel junction conditions (IJCs), the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) equation, and finite-radius black hole thermodynamics. Through these results, we will describe how to compute coarse-grained entropies without using the Euclidean path integral. For instance, we find the IJCs and TOV equation are precisely equivalent at zero radial pressure. At fixed mass, adding shells in regions of positive specific heat lowers the asymptotic Hawking temperature, and the inverse specific heat at the photon sphere is proportional to $-Λ$. The exception described here results from companion work with M.J. Strassler, where we found that a "hillingar black hole" (HBH) mimics an ordinary Schwarzschild black hole of mass $M$, sharing its Hawking temperature, photon ring, and, in equilibrium, its coarse-grained entropy $S = 4 πM^2$. Here, we show these features are not tuned; they follow uniquely from joint mechanical and thermodynamic constraints. A necessary and sufficient condition for thermodynamic mimicry is found that is satisfied by a one parameter family of self-similar systems, all of which, excepting the HBH, require massless walls at the edges of their extended photon spheres. This family includes "stiffest stars" and "frozen stars".