Active Learning for Channel Knowledge Map Construction via Bayesian Inference Diffusion Models

Abstract: Channel knowledge maps (CKMs) are regarded as key enablers of environment-aware communications in future wireless networks, as they provide location-specific channel information by establishing an explicit connection between wireless devices and the physical propagation environment. As a representative CKM, the channel gain map (CGM) characterizes the spatial distributions of large-scale fading to support wireless environment awareness and network optimization. Existing CGM construction methods generally lack a well-defined sampling-point acquisition strategy, which may result in a limited number of sampling points being allocated to spatially redundant or highly predictable regions, thereby degrading CGM reconstruction performance in complex propagation environments. In this paper, we propose an active-learning-based diffusion framework for efficient CGM construction. By combining Bayesian inference with the diffusion model, the proposed method estimates epistemic uncertainty without retraining the model. Two uncertainty quantification algorithms are further developed along the reverse diffusion process to generate element-wise epistemic uncertainty maps. Furthermore, an uncertainty-aware sampling strategy is designed to determine new observation locations by jointly considering epistemic uncertainty and spatial distribution uniformity. Experimental results on both static and dynamic CGM datasets demonstrate that the proposed method achieves better reconstruction performance than baseline methods. These results indicate that the proposed method can effectively improve the utilization efficiency of limited sampling points and enhance the accuracy of CGM construction in complex wireless propagation environments.