Radio Diagnostics of Particle Acceleration in Solar Flares with SKAO Observations

Abstract: Particle acceleration is a fundamental astrophysical process occurring across diverse systems and scales, producing electromagnetic emission across all wavelengths. Radio bursts from astrophysical systems like active galaxy jets, solar flares, pulsars, etc., provide a probe into the emission mechanism and particle acceleration processes. Among all astrophysical phenomena, magnetically driven solar flares provide unique diagnostics of nonthermal particles due to the advantage of multiple spatial-temporal and spectral measurements. The subsequent emitted radiation spans various sections of the radio spectrum. Based on brightness temperature and spectrum, one can distinguish between bright plasma emission or 'nonthermal' emission. Nonthermal radio bursts in meter and microwave bands arise from suprathermal particles, while the surrounding plasma produces fainter thermal emission. High spatial-temporal studies along with polarimetry will enable tracking of electron beams in evolving magnetic fields and constrain coronal properties such as magnetic strength, density, and temperature. Fine spectral structures from gyrosynchrotron bursts allow mapping of magnetic fields along acceleration tracks. However, emissions from the more numerous, weaker particle populations remain difficult to observe. Particles in solar flares follow a power-law energy distribution, with weaker populations being more common. The Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO) will provide high-fidelity data that will enable detailed characterisation of these populations, statistical studies of particle beams, and insights into their interaction with magnetic topologies. Its high-resolution (especially SKA-Mid) and multi-wavelength synergy (EUV, X-rays) will refine diagnostics of coronal and acceleration-region properties. This chapter reviews particle acceleration models and expected advances from SKAO.