Revealing Cosmic Ecosystems with the Hubble Space Telescope in 2030s and Beyond

Abstract: Ultraviolet spectroscopy with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) provides the most direct and sensitive probe of the disk-circumgalactic medium (CGM) interface at radii of 20 kpc, where galaxies exchange gas, metals, and energy with their surroundings. Many of the key diagnostics of the multiphase circumgalactic medium -- including H I, O VI, C II-IV, Si II-IV, N V, Ne VIII, and other metal transitions -- lie in the ultraviolet and are inaccessible from the ground, making HST the only observatory capable of making the required observations. By measuring the physical (column density, density), chemical (metallicity, ionization structure), and kinematical properties of the gas at the disk-CGM interface, UV absorption-line spectroscopy reveals how galaxies acquire fresh fuel, recycle enriched material, and drive feedback into their halos. When combined with spectroscopic characterization of the host galaxy's stellar populations and the feedback they generate (outflow velocity, mass loading), we will establish a direct understanding of how stellar populations enable circulation of gas and metals through the galactic ecosystem. HST's ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopic capability provides the only comprehensive observational pathways for uncovering the physical drivers that regulate galaxy growth and evolution in the low-redshift Universe.