Optimized Labeling Resource Allocation for Prediction-Assisted Inference via OPAL

Abstract: Active Statistical Inference is a new framework to make precise claims about population parameters with provable statistical guarantees. It uses a predictive "black-box" ML model to strategically decide which data points to label, roughly prioritizing samples for which the ML model is unsure about their label values. A major issue is that the framework can be brittle when uncertainty estimates are noisy. This paper introduces OPAL (Optimized Policy for Allocation of Labels), which learns a labeling strategy within a tractable class of smooth policies to yield estimators with the lowest variance. In effect, OPAL is an end-to-end pipeline that turns a black-box model's uncertainty scores into a data-adaptive labeling strategy and then performs inference on the collected samples. We evaluate OPAL on real datasets spanning medical imaging data, computational social science, and proteomics. As a concrete example, we consider predicting breast cancer subtype from histopathology images and using OPAL to form valid confidence intervals for odds ratios for different demographic groups. We show that OPAL achieves nominal coverage in finite samples and has the accuracy one expects from methods which have far more labeled samples.