SS-ZKR: Spatial-Semantic Zero-Knowledge Routing for Privacy-Preserving Multi-Agent Collaboration

Abstract: Foundational agent interoperability standards, notably the Agent-to-Agent (A2A) protocol and the Model Context Protocol (MCP), have advanced multi-agent system communication, and complementary identity frameworks leveraging W3C Decentralised Identifiers (DIDs) and Verifiable Credentials (VCs) provide cryptographic agent authentication. However, no existing protocol supports content-based semantic routing of agent payloads across organisational trust boundaries without requiring the routing intermediary to decrypt the payload, which is a hard constraint in compliance-sensitive environments governed by GDPR, HIPAA, and MiFID II. We propose SS-ZKR, a three-mechanism privacy-preserving routing protocol designed as a complementary layer atop A2A/MCP. Mechanism I introduces blind routing via differentially private semantic intent vectors cryptographically bound to zero-knowledge proofs of payload-schema consistency. Mechanism II offers vector-weighted adaptive payload sanitisation with formal (epsilon, delta)-differential privacy for numerical fields and heuristic semantic aggregation for textual fields. Mechanism III presents a spatial-to-cryptographic policy compiler that translates visually defined trust-zone topologies into deterministic zero-knowledge access circuits. We provide a formal threat model, analyse information leakage bounds of intent vectors, present pseudocode for all three mechanisms, and give analytical complexity comparisons against TEE-based and homomorphic encryption-based routing baselines. SS-ZKR lets enterprises in financial services, healthcare, and defence orchestrate heterogeneous AI agents across regulatory boundaries without exposing proprietary data to routing infrastructure.