TIP: A Decentralized Intent-Based Protocol for Declarative IoT Interoperability and Sandboxed Schema Adaptation

Abstract: Heterogeneous Internet of Things (IoT) systems suffer from fragmentation across hardware architectures, networking stacks, and data serialization formats. Existing standards (such as MQTT, COAP, and DDS) rely on address-bound, imperative routing models that require hardcoded configurations and leave no flexibility for runtime schema translation. This paper presents TIP (The Intent Protocol), a decentralized, declarative network protocol. Instead of addressing specific physical endpoints, nodes submit abstract intents specifying desired capabilities, schemas, and Quality of Service (QoS) constraints. The TIP Engine resolves matching nodes using a hybrid discovery mechanism combining local multicast DNS (mDNS) with Kademlia Distributed Hash Tables (DHT). Selection is optimized via a multi-criteria scoring algorithm incorporating network latency, historical reputation, and contract compliance. Mismatched data representations are reconciled on-the-fly inside isolated WebAssembly (WASM) sandboxes compiled dynamically from TOML specifications. Security is enforced through Ed25519 signatures, X25519 key exchanges, and ChaCha20-Poly 1305 payload encryption. Evaluation of our reference implementation in Rust and C++ shows sub-millisecond translation overhead and robust resilience under industrial conditions.