Meta-Modal Agent: Sequential Evidence Routing for Missing-Modality Candidate Reranking

Abstract: Missing modalities cause severe failures in multimodal recommender systems. User histories, item text, and visual evidence are frequently absent during cold-start scenarios, exactly when recommendation quality matters most. Existing approaches recover absent signals through imputation, feature propagation, or generative reconstruction, but these strategies can inject unsupported evidence when the surviving signals are weak. We introduce the Meta-Modal Agent (MMA), a LLM based candidate-pool reranker that treats missingness as a sequential evidence-routing problem. MMA is trained with balanced missingness-task reinforcement learning over masked-modality episodes and is evaluated in two variants: MMA-Auto, which uses only automated text, image, and graph tools, and MMA-Interactive, which additionally permits clarification questions grounded in surviving modalities as an upper-bound diagnostic. MMA operates after a first-stage retriever has produced a candidate pool; it scores those candidates rather than retrieving items from the full catalog. Final reranking fuses MMA scores with first-stage retrieval scores selected on validation data. Our evaluation is organized around four evidence checks required for a robust missing-modality claim: oracle-free one-observed-modality availability (OOMA) robustness, per-modality OOMA breakdowns, fixed-pool full-catalog reranking, and a deterministic-router mechanism control. MMA-Auto improves target-positive OOMA NDCG@10 by 4.0% and fixed-pool full-catalog reranking NDCG@10 by 12.7% over the strongest non-interactive baseline. RuleRouter-Fuse, which uses the same tools and fusion rule without learned policy updates, underperforms MMA-Auto, supporting learned routing beyond deterministic tool fusion. MMA-Interactive adds a 4.1% upper-bound gain when clarification is available.