DUEL: Adversarial Self-Play for Multimodal Reasoning

Abstract: Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as an effective paradigm for improving the reasoning capability of vision-LLMs (VLMs). However, RL-based optimization typically depends on costly high-quality annotations that are difficult to scale. Existing unsupervised alternatives may drift toward biased solutions due to weak visual grounding and the lack of reliable verification signals. We propose a self-evolving post-training framework, DUEL, where supervision emerges from adversarial interactions between two policies initialized from the same pretrained VLM. A Challenger generates an image-grounded true claim together with a minimally perturbed hard-negative counterpart, while a Solver verifies both claims against the image, encouraging fine-grained visual discrimination under near-neighbor semantics. To stabilize optimization, we introduce a length-normalized log-likelihood reward that preserves informative optimization signals beyond binary outcome supervision and improves learning stability under sparse feedback. Experiments show that DUEL consistently improves visual reasoning and robust discrimination without additional human annotations, external reward models, or image editing tools.