JAX-Based Batched AC Power Flow for GPU Acceleration and AI Ecosystem Integration

Abstract: Coordinating growing grid flexibility under uncertainty is becoming increasingly important for efficient and reliable power-system operation. A core computational requirement is the efficient large-scale batched evaluation of AC power flow across candidate operating actions and uncertainty scenarios. Previous work has explored GPU-based batched power-flow evaluation, but has largely relied on hand-written C or CUDA code, creating barriers to customisation, efficient kernel optimisation, and long-term maintenance. JAX is a Python-based framework that enables efficient accelerator execution while keeping implementations in Python. This letter therefore proposes a JAX-based batched AC power-flow solver that uses current JAX functionality to implement Newton--Raphson for transmission networks and Z-Bus power flow for three-phase unbalanced distribution networks, achieving more than 10x speed-ups relative to pandapower and OpenDSS. In addition, JAX integrates seamlessly with the broader JAX-based AI ecosystem, making it straightforward to embed power-flow evaluation within AI methods for future larger-scale and more complex power-system operation.