Calibration-Free Gas Source Localization with Mobile Robots: Source Term Estimation Based on Concentration Measurement Ranking

Abstract: Efficient Gas Source Localization (GSL) in real-world settings is crucial, especially in emergency scenarios. Mobile robots equipped with low-cost, in-situ gas sensors offer a safer alternative to human inspection in hazardous environments. Probabilistic algorithms enhance GSL efficiency with scattered gas measurements by comparing gas concentration measurements gathered by robots to physical dispersion models. However, accurately deriving gas concentrations from data acquired with low-cost sensors is challenging due to the nonlinear sensor response, environmental dependencies (e.g., humidity, temperature, and other gas influences), and robot motion. Mitigating these disturbance factors requires frequent sensor calibration in controlled environments, which is often impractical for real-world deployments. To overcome these issues, we propose a novel feature extraction algorithm that leverages the relative ranking of gas measurements within the dynamically accumulated dataset. By comparing the rank differences between gathered and modeled values, we estimate the probabilistic distribution of source locations across the entire environment. We validate our approach in high-fidelity simulations and physical experiments, demonstrating consistent localization accuracy with uncalibrated gas sensors. Compared to existing methods, our technique eliminates the need for gas sensor calibration, making it well-suited for real-world applications.