Modelling Expert Cognition Beyond Behaviour: towardss Interpretation, Tension, and Value Structures

Abstract: Existing computational models of expertise primarily focus on observable behaviour or decision outcomes, failing to capture the internal cognitive structures that generate expert reasoning. In this work, we introduce the Expert Identity Cognition Model (EICM), a three-layer framework for modelling expert cognition beyond behaviour. EICM conceptualises expert cognition as an identity-structured process operating within situational constraints, where constraints are interpreted through internal tensions arising from competing identity commitments and stabilised into value structures that guide action. Unlike behaviour-centric or constraint-driven approaches, EICM positions tension as the central cognitive mechanism connecting world structure and decision formation. We argue that expert cognition is not merely behavioural adaptation under constraints but an identity-structured negotiation process that produces stable judgement patterns across contexts. The framework provides a new perspective for modelling tacit knowledge, expert judgement, and cognitive consistency in domains including professional practice, cultural expertise, and design reasoning.