Data-driven Circuit Discovery for Interpretability of Language Models

Abstract: Circuit discovery aims to explain how LMs implement a specific task by localizing and interpreting a circuit, a computational subgraph responsible for the LM's behavior. Existing circuit discovery methods are hypothesis-driven; they first informally define a task with a dataset, and then apply a circuit discovery algorithm over that dataset to obtain a single circuit. This imposes two strong assumptions: that the LM implements the task with a single circuit, and that the dataset adequately represents the task as humans understand it. We systematically test these assumptions across four previously studied tasks and find that even minor dataset variations that preserve task semantics can produce circuits with low edge overlap and cross-dataset faithfulness. More strikingly, when applied to a mixed dataset with two distinct tasks whose separately discovered circuits have near-zero cross-faithfulness, existing methods still return a single circuit with high faithfulness across both tasks. This indicates that current methods discover dataset-specific circuits, rather than general task circuits. We propose Data-driven Circuit Discovery (DCD), a new discovery framework that drops both assumptions: instead of returning a single circuit for a dataset, DCD first clusters examples in the dataset by how similarly the model processes them and discovers a separate circuit for each group. This allows distinct mechanisms to appear separately rather than merged into a single circuit; each circuit explains its group, not the full task. Experiments show that DCD discovers multiple circuits per dataset, each more faithful to its group than a single circuit discovered by existing methods. Broadly, DCD lets the data reveal mechanistic structure within LMs, rather than relying on human-defined task boundaries that may not align with how models organize their computation.