Single-Observation Uniformity Testing under Increasing Precision via Lacunary Harmonic

Abstract: A test of uniformity on [0,1] is developed for the setting of a single observation recorded with sufficient precision. Although consistency against general alternatives is not attainable with only one draw in the classical large-sample sense, a multiscale harmonic digit expansion provides a framework for structured inference. By aggregating trigonometric components across digit scales at Hadamard-gap frequencies, a quadratic test statistic is constructed whose null distribution converges to a chi-square law via a lacunary central limit theorem. Under departures from uniformity, the statistic is driven by Fourier components induced by digit-scale transformations of the observation, with detectability depending on their coherent accumulation as precision increases. The resulting procedure detects multiscale harmonic structure that remains invisible to classical digit-frequency methods.