Fidelity, Diversity, and Privacy: A Multi-Dimensional LLM Evaluation for Clinical Data Augmentation

Abstract: The scarcity of high-quality annotated medical data, particularly in mental health, poses a significant bottleneck for training robust machine learning models. Privacy regulations restrict data sharing, making synthetic data generation a promising alternative. The use of LLMs in a data augmentation pipeline could be leveraged as an alternative in this field. In the proposed methodology, DeepSeek-R1, OpenBioLLM-Llama3 and Qwen 3.5 are used to generate synthetic mental health evaluation reports conditioned on specific International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes. Because naive text generation can lead to mode collapse or privacy breaches (memorization), a comprehensive evaluation framework is introduced. The generated diagnostic texts are assessed across three dimensions: semantic fidelity, lexical diversity, and privacy/plagiarism. The results demonstrate that all models can generate clinically coherent, diverse, and privacy-safe synthetic reports, significantly expanding the available training data for clinical natural language processing tasks without compromising patient confidentiality.