Synthetic Polariton Matter in the solid state

Abstract: Synthetic materials are obtained by assembling atoms or artificial atoms into regular arrays, thereby forming artificial crystals that offer powerful platforms to emulate and explore condensed-matter phenomena in highly controlled settings. They enable probing outstanding questions in many-body physics and designing new phases of matter with no direct analogue in nature. Beyond their fundamental interest, these materials hold potential for future technological applications through the emergence of novel concepts and functionalities. Synthetic materials have been engineered using a wide range of physical platforms, including both natural atoms and fabricated artificial atoms in the solid-state. A particularly intriguing approach relies on photons. When confined in optical cavities and strongly coupled to matter excitations, photons acquire an effective mass and can experience interactions, giving rise to hybrid light-matter quasiparticles known as polaritons. By arranging polaritons in periodic structures, one can engineer synthetic photonic materials with tailored band structures and controllable interactions, offering a promising route toward exploring strongly correlated photonic phases. This chapter focuses on a solid-state realization of such systems: exciton polaritons confined in semiconductor microcavities. Following a general introduction, we describe how photon mass and photonic band structures emerge from cavity confinement, and how interactions arise via strong coupling to excitons in quantum wells. We finally review how these ingredients can be used to explore rich physics from the mean-field to the quantum regime.