Cohomology of special unitary groups and congruence subgroups

Abstract: We prove a homotopy invariance result for the first cohomology group of the special unitary group $\mathrm{SU}_3(F[t])$ with coefficients in irreducible representations of $\mathrm{PGL}_2(F)$. The main theorem establishes that this cohomology is naturally isomorphic to the corresponding cohomology of $\mathrm{PGL}_2(F)$.

• The paper establishes that H¹(SU3(F[t]), V) is isomorphic to H¹(PGL2(F), V) for irreducible representations, confirming homotopy invariance.
• It utilizes the Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence and explicit abelianization methods to decompose cohomological contributions with precision.
• The results delineate structural links between unitary and projective groups, offering new insights for arithmetic group theory and algebraic K-theory.

Cohomology of Special Unitary Groups and Congruence Subgroups: An Authoritative Summary

Context and Motivation

The study investigates the homotopy invariance of group cohomology in the setting of algebraic groups, more specifically focusing on the special unitary group $\mathrm{SU}_3$ over $F[t]$ and its relationship with the projective general linear group $\mathrm{PGL}_2(F)$. This research is galvanized by foundational results in algebraic $K$-theory, where homotopy invariance for $K$-groups is established for regular rings, and by subsequent work in the homology and cohomology of classical groups (notably within $\mathrm{GL}_n$, $\mathrm{SL}_n$ and their associated schemes).

Prior investigations, particularly those by Knudson and Wendt, have demonstrated homotopy invariance for split, reductive algebraic groups over infinite fields and have mapped the boundaries where this fails for non-fields or for groups with lower rank. This paper extends the exploration to non-split, quasi-split group schemes, where significant subtleties arise, especially in the context of non-trivial module coefficients.

Main Theoretical Contributions

The central result is a precise description of the first cohomology group of $\mathrm{SU}_3(F[t])$ with coefficients in irreducible representations of $\mathrm{PGL}_2(F)$. The main theorem establishes the following isomorphism for an arbitrary $\mathrm{PGL}_2(F)$-module $F[t]$0: $F[t]$1 where $F[t]$2 is the group of upper triangular matrices in $F[t]$3 and $F[t]$4.

Crucially, for irreducible rational representations $F[t]$5 of $F[t]$6 (with $F[t]$7), the term $F[t]$8 vanishes, yielding: $F[t]$9 This result is robustly contrasted with analogous theorems for $\mathrm{PGL}_2(F)$0, where the adjoint representation yields extra contributions (either $\mathrm{PGL}_2(F)$1 or $\mathrm{PGL}_2(F)$2 depending on $\mathrm{PGL}_2(F)$3), which do not occur in the unitary case presented here.

Methodology and Key Proof Techniques

The approach is rooted in the detailed analysis of group extensions and principal congruence subgroups. The main technical apparatus involves the application of the Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence associated to the split exact sequence: $\mathrm{PGL}_2(F)$4 where $\mathrm{PGL}_2(F)$5 is the principal congruence subgroup. The computation reduces to an explicit description of the abelianization $\mathrm{PGL}_2(F)$6, which, via amalgamated product decompositions and Shapiro's lemma, is shown to parameterize additional cohomological contributions. For irreducible representations, these vanish due to weight arguments.

A meticulous structural description of the group scheme $\mathrm{PGL}_2(F)$7 is provided, including its quasi-split nature, maximal tori, and ramified covering of projective lines, distinguishing it from split groups addressed in existing literature.

Strong Numerical and Structural Results

• Vanishing of the Correction Term: For irreducible representations of $\mathrm{PGL}_2(F)$8, the additional term in the cohomology decomposition vanishes. This is a technically strong claim as it implies full homotopy invariance at the level of first cohomology for non-trivial module coefficients in this setting.
• Structural Isomorphism: The existence of a split, natural homomorphism from $\mathrm{PGL}_2(F)$9 to $K$0 is rigorously established, confirming the deep relationship between these groups in the context of algebraic geometry over curves.

Practical and Theoretical Implications

The results have implications for both the computation and understanding of cohomology groups in non-split quasi-split settings, extending the reach of homotopy invariance beyond classical split groups. The elucidation of cohomology with non-trivial coefficients is particularly relevant for representation theory, arithmetic group theory, and the study of automorphic forms. Additionally, the methods and structural insights may influence computational approaches in algebraic $K$1-theory and the analysis of congruence subgroups in higher rank or more general settings.

On the theoretical side, the work underscores the robustness of homotopy invariance in specific quasi-split cases, suggesting avenues for further exploration in more general group schemes over curves or non-field rings where the invariance may break down or require additional correction terms.

Speculation on Future Developments

The methodology suggests fertile ground for generalizing homotopy invariance questions to broader classes of algebraic groups and group schemes, possibly extending to higher cohomology groups or twisted coefficients in more complex module categories. One expected direction is the extension to non-trivial actions of congruence subgroups, or to more intricate forms of twisted coefficients, particularly in the context of arithmetic quotients and geometric representation theory.

Given the explicit computation of the abelianization and cohomology, there is potential for developing algorithms or computational frameworks targeting the cohomology of algebraic groups over rings of polynomials or function fields, relevant in both pure mathematics and computational number theory.

Conclusion

This paper provides a rigorous and explicit characterization of the first cohomology group of $K$2 with coefficients in irreducible $K$3-representations, confirming homotopy invariance in this non-split, quasi-split unitary context. The elimination of correction terms for irreducible rational representations delineates new boundaries for cohomological invariance and points toward further research in the cohomology of algebraic group schemes, representation theory of congruence subgroups, and the interplay between algebraic geometry and arithmetic groups (2604.03887).