Legible Consensus: Topology-Aware Quorum Geometry for Asymmetric Networks

Abstract: Quorum design over asymmetric topologies conflates two independent concerns: inter-tier obligation (which tiers must participate for cross-tier safety) and intra-tier replication (how each tier survives local failures). Flat quorums treat all nodes as interchangeable; when consensus fails, the structure does not reveal whether a tier was unreachable or a tier lost too many replicas. We show that mapping a crumbling-wall quorum construction to a physically tiered network separates these concerns and makes the protocol's failure modes legible: an operator can determine which tiers retain global consensus capability from the wall structure and connectivity state alone, without runtime probing. Using a 10-node Earth/LEO/Moon/Mars topology as a magnifying glass, we confirm that three of four tiers retain global liveness during Mars conjunction blackout; only the disconnected tier loses it. Consensus latency at each tier equals the speed-of-light round-trip to Earth: 183~ms (Earth), 131~ms (LEO), 5.1~s (Moon). The wall also imposes a leadership cost gradient on Multi-Paxos elections that symmetric grid quorums cannot express. A comparison between sparse and full-coverage topologies separates wall obligations from network reachability as independent liveness constraints. All results are design-level; quorum intersection is verified exhaustively in TLA+.