Signal-Aware Contrastive Latent Spaces for Anomaly Detection

Abstract: High-dimensional feature spaces in particle physics events pose a fundamental challenge to density-estimation-based weakly supervised anomaly detection, whose fidelity degrades rapidly with an increasing number of dimensions. We propose a signal-aware latent space construction using supervised contrastive learning trained on simulated Standard Model backgrounds and a diverse set of hypothesized Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) signals. The resulting latent space is low-dimensional, regularized, and signal-sensitive, enabling high-fidelity density estimation for downstream weakly supervised anomaly detection. We demonstrate the approach in a diphoton final state, testing sensitivity across a broad range of BSM scenarios including supersymmetry models, extended Higgs sectors, heavy neutral resonances, and flavor-changing neutral currents. For signals represented in the contrastive training data, the method can elevate discovery sensitivity from previously inaccessible levels to the discovery regime. Critically, the approach retains sensitivity to BSM models not present during training: interpolation and extrapolation to unseen signal topologies yield substantial improvements in expected significance compared to a background-only baseline. By bridging supervised latent space embedding with weakly supervised anomaly detection, this strategy offers a viable path toward anomaly detection in high-dimensional feature spaces at the LHC and beyond.