Virtual reality for large-scale laboratories based on colorized point clouds: design and pedagogical impact

Abstract: Effective laboratory training is essential in engineering education, yet conventional on-site instruction is often constrained by time, accessibility, and safety considerations. To address these challenges, this study presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a web-based virtual reality (WebVR) representation of a large-scale engineering laboratory constructed from massive colorized point cloud data. This study proposes a novel WebVR framework that integrates Unity and Potree for high-fidelity point-cloud visualization combined with advanced interactive capabilities in a browser-based virtual laboratory. It supports immersive first-person exploration, guided navigation, interactive hotspots conveying equipment and safety information, as well as emergency evacuation simulations. The usability, educational effectiveness, and overall acceptance of the virtual laboratory were evaluated through an anonymous questionnaire administered to students and laboratory staff. The results indicate overwhelmingly positive feedback, with all participants rating the system as "good" or "excellent" across all evaluation dimensions. Participants particularly emphasized the benefits of immersive exploration and self-directed learning. In addition, qualitative feedback was systematically analyzed to inform future enhancements of the virtual environment. Overall, the findings demonstrate that the WebVR-based virtual laboratory can effectively complement conventional on-site laboratory instruction, offering a scalable, accessible, and low-risk platform that enhances learning experiences in engineering education.