Accelerating materials discovery using foundation model based In-context active learning

Abstract: Active learning (AL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for accelerating materials discovery by iteratively steering experiments toward the most promising candidates, reducing costly synthesis-and-characterization cycles. However, current AL relies predominantly on Gaussian Process (GP) and Random Forest (RF) surrogates with complementary limitations: GP underfits complex composition--property landscapes due to rigid kernel assumptions, while RF produces unreliable uncertainty estimates in small-data regimes, precisely where most materials datasets reside (with < 500 samples). Here we propose foudaiton model based In-Context Active Learning (ICAL), replacing conventional surrogates with TabPFN, a transformer-based foundation model pre-trained on millions of synthetic tasks to meta-learn a universal prior over tabular data. TabPFN performs principled Bayesian inference in a single forward pass without dataset-specific retraining, delivering well-calibrated predictive uncertainty where GP and RF fail most severely. Benchmarked against GP and RF across 10 materials datasets spanning copper alloy hardness and electrical conductivity, bulk metallic glass-forming ability, and crystal lattice thermal conductivity, TabPFN wins on 8 out of 10 datasets, achieving a mean saving of 52\% in extra experiments/evaluations relative to GP and 29.77% relative to RF. Cross-validation analysis confirms that TabPFN's advantage stems from superior uncertainty calibration,achieving the lowest Negative Log-Likelihood and Area Under the Sparsification Error curve among all surrogates. Our work demonstrates that a pre-trained foundation model can serve as a highly effective surrogate for accelerating active learning-based materials discovery.