Spectral sirens cosmology from binary black holes populations with sharper mass features

Abstract: Spectral-sirens inference enables the extraction of cosmological parameters from gravitational-wave data alone, without electromagnetic counterparts or galaxy catalogs. We introduce new parametric mass functions for the binary black hole population that capture significant structure across the mass spectrum and are moderately favoured by Bayesian evidence over simpler models. Analysing the latest gravitational-wave transient catalog, GWTC-4.0, we show that powerlaws-only population models constrain the Hubble constant to $23\%$ precision, $H_0 = 53.3^{+14.0}_{-10.8} ~\rm km \,s^{-1} \,Mpc^{-1}$ at $68\%$ confidence level. This represents a $\sim 50\%$ improvement over the corresponding binary black hole-only analysis by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA collaboration, achieving precision comparable to their joint analyses including neutron stars and galaxy catalogs. We further test alternative cosmological models, establishing competitive constraints on modified gravitational-wave propagation, while bounds on the dark energy equation-of-state parameters remain uninformative. Projecting to future O5 observing run, we forecast substantial improvements in $H_0$ and modified propagation parameters with larger datasets at higher redshifts. Our results highlight the strong interplay between the black hole mass distribution and inferred cosmology, underscoring the need for suitable population models to fully exploit gravitational-wave data.