Geometry of two- and three-dimensional integrable systems related to affine Weyl groups $W(E_8^{(1)})$ and $W(E_7^{(1)})$

Abstract: We find a general framework for the construction of birational involutions on two- and three-dimensional varieties obtained from $\mathbb P^2$, $\mathbb P^1\times \mathbb P^1$, and $\mathbb P^3$ by blow-up at nine, respectively eight points. Each such involution is based on a divisor class with a one-dimensional linear system with a generic element of genus zero. Classical Manin involutions represent the simplest particular case. Novel, more sophisticated cases identified here include birational involutions of $\mathbb P^2$ along conics and along nodal cubic curves, as well as birational involutions of $\mathbb P^3$ along quadratic cones and along Cayley nodal cubic surfaces. We prove a general formula for the induced action of geometric birational involutions on the respective Picard group, and give a general result about decomposition of translational elements of the respective affine Weyl group of symmetries into a product of two geometric birational involutions.