Embedding Economic Input-Output Models in Systems of Systems: An MBSE and Hetero-functional Graph Theory Approach

Abstract: Characterizing the interdependent nature of Anthropocene systems of systems is fundamental to making informed decisions to address challenges across complex ecological, environmental, and coupled human-natural systems. This paper presents the first application of Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) and Hetero-functional Graph Theory (HFGT) to economic systems, establishing a scalable and extensible methodology for integrating economic input-output (EIO) models within a unified system-of-systems modeling framework. Integrating EIO models into the MBSE-HFGT workflow demonstrates how the structural form and function of economic systems can be expressed through SysML's graphical ontology and subsequently translated into the computational structure of HFGT. Using a synthetic Rectangular Choice of Technology (RCOT) example as a pedagogical foundation, the study confirms that the dynamics captured by basic EIO models, as well as other complex economic models grounded in EIO theory, can be equivalently reproduced within the MBSE-HFGT framework. The integration with MBSE and HFGT thus preserves analytical precision while offering enhanced graphical clarity and system-level insight through a shared ontological structure. By integrating modeling languages and mathematical frameworks, the proposed methodology establishes a foundation for knowledge co-production and integrated decision-making to address the multifaceted sustainability challenges associated with Anthropocene systems of systems.